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What does the field of nephrology primarily focus on?

• Lungs
• Brain
• Kidneys
• Stomach

Nephrology is a specialty of internal medicine that focuses on treating diseases that affect the kidneys. You have two kidneys below your ribcage on either side of your spine. The kidneys have several vital functions, including removing waste and excess fluid from the blood, maintaining your body’s electrolyte balance, and releasing hormones with functions such as managing blood pressure.

Source: Healthline

Which of these medical conditions affects a foot's big toe?

• Bruxism
• Bunions
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Scoliosis

A bunion is a bony bump that forms on the joint at the base of your big toe. It occurs when some of the bones in the front part of your foot move out of place. This causes the tip of your big toe to get pulled toward the smaller toes and forces the joint at the base of your big toe to stick out. There are many theories about how bunions develop, but the exact cause is unknown. Factors likely include: inherited foot type, foot stress or injuries, and deformities present at birth.

Source: Mayo Clinic

Gray matter is a major component of which system of the body?

• Nervous system
• Digestive system
• Respiratory system
• Endocrine system

Gray matter is a major component of the central nervous system. It is present in the brain, brainstem, cerebellum, and throughout the spinal cord. Gray matter contains most of the brain's neuronal cell bodies. The gray matter includes regions of the brain involved in muscle control and sensory perception such as seeing and hearing, memory, emotions, speech, decision-making, and self-control.

Source: Wikipedia

In the human body, what do ligaments hold together?

• Bones
• Intestines
• Nerves
• Follicles

A ligament is a tough fibrous band of connective tissue that serves to support the internal organs and hold bones together in proper articulation at the joints. A ligament is composed of dense fibrous bundles of collagenous fibers and spindle-shaped cells known as fibrocytes, with little ground substance (a gel-like component of the various connective tissues).

Source: Encyclopedia Britannica

Which is the largest organ of the human body?

• Lungs
• Stomach
• The skin
• Liver

The skin makes up 16% of the body mass and is considered the largest organ. Being 2 mm thick, the skin takes care of protecting the body from germs, pollution, sun radiation, and any other environmental stressors. It also regulates the body’s temperature, receives sensory information, and stores water, vitamin D, and fat.

Source: Healthline

Which of these muscles helps with breathing?

• Diaphragm
• Sartorius
• Frontalis
• Bicep

The thoracic diaphragm, or simply the diaphragm, is a sheet of internal skeletal muscle in humans and other mammals that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm is the most important muscle of respiration, and separates the thoracic cavity, containing the heart and lungs, from the abdominal cavity: as the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, creating a negative pressure there, which draws air into the lungs.

Source: Wikipedia

The uterus is the medical name for which part of the body?

• Womb
• Ovary
• Kidney
• Pancreas

The uterus, also called the womb, is an inverted pear-shaped muscular organ of the female reproductive system located between the bladder and the rectum. Its function is to nourish and house a fertilized egg until the fetus, or offspring is ready to be delivered. The uterus is 2.4 to 3.1 inches long, and its wall thickness is approximately 0.8 to 1.2 inches. Lining the uterine cavity is a moist mucous membrane known as the endometrium.

Source: Britannica

A tracheostomy is performed when what is blocked?

• Artery
• Airway
• Liver
• Intestine

A tracheostomy may be carried out to deliver oxygen to the lungs if you're unable to breathe normally after an injury or accident, or because your muscles are very weak. It also allows you to breathe if an airway is blocked, for example, by a swelling, a tumor, or something stuck in the throat. A tracheostomy will usually be planned in advance and carried out in a hospital. But sometimes it may need to be done in an emergency outside of the hospital, such as at the scene of an accident.

Source: NHS

In anatomy, the term "plantar" relates to what part of the human body?

• Foot
• Head
• Hand
• Neck

The plantar fascia is the thick connective tissue (aponeurosis) which supports the arch on the bottom (plantar side) of the foot. It runs from the tuberosity of the calcaneus (heel bone) forward to the heads of the metatarsal bones (the bone between each toe and the bones of the mid-foot). The plantar fascia is a broad structure that spans between the medial calcaneal tubercle and the proximal phalanges of the toes. Recent studies suggest that the plantar fascia is actually an aponeurosis rather than true fascia.

Source: Wikipedia

To which body system do arteries belong?

• Cardiovascular
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Respiratory

Arteries, a critical part of the cardiovascular system, are blood vessels that distribute oxygen-rich blood to the entire body. These tube-like vessels and the muscles inside them ensure that organs and tissues have the oxygen and nutrients they need to function. A condition called atherosclerosis can slow down blood flow through the arteries.

Source: Cleveland Clinic

A C-section could be performed in which of these medical scenarios?

• Hernia Repair
• Wisdom teeth removal
• Appendectomy
• Childbirth

The Caesarean section, also known as C-section, or cesarean, is the surgical procedure during childbirth by which one or more babies are delivered through an incision in the mother's abdomen. It is often performed when delivery would put the mother or child at risk. The World Health Organization recommends that a cesarean section be performed only when medically necessary.

Source: Wikipedia

Where in the human body is the masseter muscle located?

• Jaw
• Hip
• Elbow
• Shoulder

In human anatomy, the masseter is one of the muscles of mastication. Found only in mammals, it is particularly powerful in herbivores to facilitate the chewing of plant matter. The most obvious muscle of mastication is the masseter muscle since it is the most superficial and one of the strongest. The action of the muscle during bilateral contraction of the entire muscle is to elevate the mandible, raising the lower jaw. Elevation of the mandible occurs during the closing of the jaws. The masseter parallels the medial pterygoid muscle, but it is stronger and superficial fibers can cause protrusion.

Source: Wikipedia

What body part carries signals from the brain to the rest of the body?

• Spinal cord
• Carotid arteries
• Cerebellum
• Trachea

The spinal cord is a long, tube-like band of tissue. It connects your brain to your lower back. Your spinal cord carries nerve signals from your brain to your body and vice versa. These nerve signals help you feel sensations and move your body. Any damage to your spinal cord can affect your movement or function. People often refer to the spinal cord and vertebral column together as the spine. Your spinal cord is a band of tissues, nerves, and cells. A protective layer of bone called the vertebral column covers and protects your spinal cord.

Source: Cleveland Clinic

The skin, hair, nails, and glands make up which organ system?

• Digestive
• Integumentary
• Circulatory
• Immune

The integumentary system is the body’s outer layer. It’s made up of the skin, nails, hair, and the glands and nerves on the skin. The integumentary system acts as a physical barrier — protecting the body from bacteria, infection, injury, and sunlight. It also helps regulate the body temperature and allows the person to feel skin sensations like hot and cold.

Source: Cleveland Clinic

What heart operation can be a triple or a quadruple?

• Laryngotomy
• Biopsy
• Tenotomy
• Bypass

Heart bypass surgery is the most common type of heart surgery performed on adults. Doctors recommend heart bypass surgery when one or more of the blood vessels that transport blood to the heart muscles become partially blocked. Heart bypass surgery is a relatively safe and effective procedure that reduces the risk of heart attack and death. The procedure might also ease symptoms of coronary artery disease, such as chest pain. Surgeons can address more than one artery in a single operation. A double bypass involves two repairs, a triple bypass involves three, and a quadruple bypass involves four. The quintuple bypass is the most intricate heart bypass surgery and includes all five of the major arteries feeding the heart.

Source: Medical News Today

What word means removing body tissue to look at under the microscope?

• Endoscopy
• MRI
• Biopsy
• C-Section

A biopsy is a procedure to remove a piece of tissue or a sample of cells from your body for analysis in a laboratory. You may undergo a biopsy if you're experiencing certain signs and symptoms or if your healthcare provider has identified an area of concern. Needle biopsy is a general term often used to describe inserting a special needle through the skin to collect cells from a suspicious area. Doctors call this a percutaneous tissue biopsy.

Source: Mayo Clinic

Which medical specialty deals with hormone disorders?

• Endocrinology
• Anesthetics
• Oncology
• Orthopedics

Endocrinology is a medical specialty. Endocrinologists are medical doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating health conditions related to problems with the body’s hormones, hormonal glands, and related tissues. They have specialized training in the endocrine system and can help diagnose, treat, and manage the illnesses that can arise when hormone imbalances or endocrine gland problems occur.

Source: WebMD

What is a blockage in an artery called?

• Magnetism
• Blockism
• Embolism
• Emdroiderism

An embolism is a blocked artery caused by a foreign body, such as a blood clot or an air bubble. The body's tissues and organs need oxygen, which is transported around the body in the bloodstream. If the blood supply to a major organ – such as the brain, heart, or lungs – is blocked, the organ will lose some or all of its function.

Source: NHS